Natural disasters and environmental pollution are no longer just global issues that are far removed from our daily lives. In recent years, communities have been increasingly confronted with floods, forest fires, toxic air, and environmental damage that disrupts health and daily activities. These conditions not only affect physical aspects, but also have a direct impact on the way individuals think, feel, and behave. These behavioural changes can manifest in the form of panic, excessive vigilance, lifestyle changes, and increased concern for the environment. Therefore, understanding the relationship between disasters, pollution, and human behaviour is important for building a more adaptive and resilient society.

Before looking further into how pollution affects daily life, it is important to understand that natural disasters are often the trigger for the most rapid and noticeable behavioural changes in society.

Disasters are essentially a series of events that threaten and disrupt people’s lives. These events can arise from natural or non-natural factors and usually cause significant damage, ranging from environmental destruction and loss of property to loss of life. Moreover, the impact is not only physical but also leaves psychological scars on those who experience it.

Psychologically, individuals’ responses to disasters typically go through six stages: starting from the pre-disaster phase, the impact phase, the heroic phase, the honeymoon phase, the disillusionment phase, and finally the reconstruction phase. In adults, disasters can trigger various psychological reactions such as anxiety, physical stress, and emotional stress that affect daily activities.

Various studies show that the impact of disasters on mental health is extensive, as they not only trigger trauma but also disrupt personal aspects and the socio-economic conditions of the community. Although many people who experience traumatic events do not develop mental disorders, some still experience significant psychological effects. These reactions usually appear immediately after the disaster and can last for a long time, even years later.

After understanding how natural disasters can affect an individual’s psychological condition and behaviour, another environmental issue that is no less important to consider is pollution. Unlike disasters that occur suddenly, pollution tends to occur slowly and its effects are often not immediately apparent. However, it is precisely because of its continuous and invisible nature that pollution has a significant long-term impact on human physical health and behaviour.

Air pollution, for example, has long been associated with increased fatigue, decreased concentration, irritability, and the emergence of stress symptoms. Long-term exposure to toxic air can make individuals more prone to mood disorders, avoid outdoor activities, and even make lifestyle changes to protect themselves, such as wearing masks or restricting mobility. Water and soil pollution also pose their own challenges, particularly for communities that rely on natural resources for work or daily needs.

In addition to affecting health and routines, pollution also has more subtle psychological impacts, such as eco-anxiety, which is a feeling of excessive worry or fear about worsening environmental damage. Uncertainty about air quality, drinking water safety, or the condition of the environment in which one lives can prompt individuals to take preventive measures, but for some people it can lead to feelings of helplessness and mental exhaustion.

Both natural disasters and pollution show that the environment plays a major role in shaping the way humans think, feel, and act. The patterns of behaviour that emerge, whether in the form of adaptive actions or stress reactions, are natural responses to perceived external threats. Therefore, understanding the impact of these two factors is very important in designing mitigation strategies, environmental education, and psychological support that can help communities become more prepared and resilient in facing environmental change.

Seeing the various impacts caused by disasters and pollution, the question that then arises is: how can communities adapt amid increasingly uncertain environmental conditions? One of the important keys is the ability to build collective awareness that behavioural change is not only a spontaneous reaction, but also a long-term survival strategy. For example, in the face of disasters, communities are now more actively following mitigation information, planning evacuation routes, and preparing emergency supplies at home. These simple steps have proven to reduce risk and make communities better prepared to deal with extreme situations.

On the other hand, pollution is encouraging communities to change their daily habits related to lifestyle and health. These range from choosing to use public transport, reducing the use of single-use plastics, to being more selective in choosing environmentally friendly household products. Awareness of air quality has also made many people more attentive to the time they spend outdoors, especially when pollution levels are high. Small changes such as wearing quality masks, installing air filters, or increasing the number of plants in the home can help reduce exposure to pollution in daily life.

Not only that, the role of technology and information has also become an increasingly important factor. Applications that monitor extreme weather, air quality, and early disaster warnings enable the public to make faster and more accurate decisions. This easily accessible information strengthens preparedness and helps individuals adjust their behaviour to changing environmental conditions.

However, adaptation does not stop at individual actions. Collaboration between the community, government, and social institutions is also essential. Environmental education, cleanliness campaigns, and the development of green spaces are concrete steps that can reduce the impact of pollution while improving the psychological health of the community. When all parties are aware and take action, efforts to deal with disasters and pollution will be much more effective.

Ultimately, environmental change forces us to re-examine the way of life that we have taken for granted. Disasters and pollution remind us that humans and the environment are inseparable. Human behaviour changes in response to the dynamics of nature, and at the same time, humans have a major role to play in maintaining environmental balance. By building awareness, increasing preparedness, and adopting more sustainable lifestyles, communities can become stronger and more resilient in the face of ever-evolving environmental challenges.

Change may not be able to stop disasters or eliminate pollution entirely, but with consistent small steps, we can build a more resilient future for ourselves, our families, and future generations.

References:

Heanoy, E. Z., & Brown, N. R. (2024). Impact of Natural Disasters on Mental Health: Evidence and Implications. Healthcare, 12(18), 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181812

Raihan, G., Fawwaz, U., Fadhillatunisa, F., Nuzulla, F., & Mutiara, D. (2024). NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW: DAMPAK PSIKOSOSIAL PASCA BENCANA PADA DEWASA. Tanjungpura Journal of Nursing Practice and Education, 6(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.26418/tjnpe.v6i1.73514

When we talk about science, most people immediately imagine laboratories, advanced technologies, or groundbreaking discoveries that change human life. However, behind every major discovery lies something equally important: the ethics and morality of scientists. Without integrity, science can lose its meaning and even become a threat. In a rapidly evolving world where innovations emerge every second, questions about how scientists should behave are becoming increasingly relevant.

Ethics is essentially a branch of philosophy that discusses how humans ought to act. It is not merely an additional set of rules to follow, but a rational and critical way of thinking about what is right and appropriate. Through ethics, we study human norms, habits, and behaviors, from the most basic matters to more complex professional issues.

In the field of psychology, ethics becomes an essential guide that directs every professional action. This is where the so-called code of ethics emerges: a set of principles designed to ensure that every practitioner works responsibly, fairly, and with the well-being of clients or the public as a priority. Like many other professions, psychology has strict ethical guidelines. These rules did not arise without basis; they were shaped by various cases and events once considered controversial or harmful, either in research or psychological services.

The main purpose of this code is simple: to ensure that psychology truly becomes a science that improves human quality of life, not the opposite. With this guidance, anyone seeking psychological services can feel safe, comfortable, and protected. Ethics is not only about following rules, but about how we build trust, uphold human dignity, and ensure that every discipline, including psychology is practiced with the right intentions and proper methods.

Ethics and science are not two separate entities. Rather, they complement each other and cannot be separated. Science cannot develop properly without ethics, while ethics loses direction without the guidance of science. For this reason, a good scientist is not only expected to be intelligent but also to possess integrity and moral awareness in every step of their research. Ethics serves as the foundation that ensures science grows in a healthy, beneficial manner and contributes to a more dignified civilization. By understanding the importance of being knowledgeable ethically and ethical in scientific practice, the relationship between ethics and science can remain well-balanced, allowing both to harmoniously foster societal progress.

Ethics and morality also play significant roles in shaping human behavior, especially when discussing scientific developments that may have broad impacts on society. Morality is related to personal maturity, life experiences, social processes, and an individual’s ability to balance various values encountered throughout life.

Moral qualities can be both subjective and objective valued not only by others but also by oneself because morality provides direction and meaning to human life. Moral values permeate various aspects of life, surpassing other types of values, and are both universal and personal. Moral values also demand obedience without exception, as they are closely tied to human identity and the meaning of existence as moral beings.

Morality is essentially humanity’s effort to emulate divine attributes in every action. This means that the purpose of moral conduct is to behave in accordance with goodness believed to be the will of God. Because actions aligned with divine will are sincere and without self-interest, values of goodness and virtue become inseparable from moral action. Ultimately, each individual directs their attitudes and behaviors toward internalizing divine attributes within themselves. And because God’s attributes are singular and not diverse, human moral behavior naturally converges toward one primary value: pure goodness.

One of morality’s crucial functions in the development of science is serving as a reminder that although science may grow freely and widely, its application must always consider humanitarian values. Morality also carries consequences in the form of responsibility, both moral and social, that must be borne by every scientist. Moral issues do not arise only when scientific results are applied they are present even during the developmental stages of knowledge. In other words, from the earliest research processes to the implementation of technology, moral considerations must always be an integral part of the scientific journey.

Moral values are considered special because they provide direction and purpose to human life. They touch every aspect of existence and even surpass more practical types of values. Moral values demand universal adherence while still addressing each person personally. And because they directly relate to human dignity and meaning, moral values apply absolutely without exception. This is why morality becomes an essential foundation for scientists in creating knowledge that is not only intellectually sound but also humane.

In the end, the integration of ethics, morality, and science is key to forming a generation that is not only intellectually intelligent but also morally aware. Ethics helps scientists assess data validity, test hypotheses, and ensure that scientific implementation stays on the right path. Meanwhile, morality ensures that every application of science considers humanity and collective well-being. Therefore, the relationship between science and morality must continually be maintained and strengthened so that scientific developments consistently bring positive and sustainable benefits to society and the environment.

References:

Asrulla, A., Syukri, A., Maryani, Jeka, F., & Junaidi, R. (2024). KONSEPSI ETIKA, MORAL, DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUMANISME. Jurnal Genta Mulia, 15(2), 257–268.

Basri, H. H., Heliwasnimar, H., & Ardimen, A. (2024). Etika dan Moral Dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan. Indonesian Research Journal on Education, 4(1), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.31004/irje.v4i1.494

Denadia, F., & Ediyono, S. (2022). Hubungan Etika dan Ilmu Psikologi Berdasarkan Perspektif Filsafat The Relation between Ethics and Psychology Based on Philosophical Perspective.

Fatma, D., Melisawati, S., Renanda, R., & Ardimen, A. (2024). Etika dan Moral dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan. Diklat Review : Jurnal manajemen pendidikan dan pelatihan, 8(1), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.35446/diklatreview.v8i1.1761

In the past, humanity’s role in accelerating climate change was often underestimated. Many people considered climate change to be merely a natural trend that came and went, unrelated to human activity. However, as research and discussion among scientists progressed, that view gradually changed. Researchers have finally reached a consensus that human activities, ranging from the exploitation of nature to industrial emissions, have disrupted the Earth’s natural balance and contributed to the rate of climate change. Various studies also show that changes in natural processes not only affect ecosystems but also influence people’s behaviour and health. With the development of social sciences and psychology, it is now increasingly clear that climate change shapes the way humans behave and act. The impact is widespread, not only in terms of natural disasters, extreme weather, or disease outbreaks, but also in terms of socio-economic changes and demographic patterns.

The relationship between humans and climate change is actually very close. Daily activities such as the use of motor vehicles, industrial activities, and energy consumption produce harmful emissions that can damage the ozone layer, which protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation. On the other hand, climate change also shapes human behaviour, influencing social norms, attitudes, and even our habits. Psychological factors such as stress and tension caused by environmental pressures also contribute to these behavioural changes.

Furthermore, climate change can shift customs, attitudes, and norms that have long been the foundation of social relations. Research shows that global warming, which has been largely triggered by human activity since the 20th century, will have an impact on the social bonds that have united communities. Rising temperatures, for example, can trigger emotional reactions in the form of increased aggression and impulsive behaviour. If these conditions continue, changes in character and a surge in violence are highly likely. In the long term, this increase in aggression could even trigger conflict and war.

Climate change is now one of the greatest challenges to human life. Its impact on living creatures and vulnerable communities is increasingly becoming the focus of researchers in various fields. We have seen how rising temperatures, heat waves, floods, tornadoes, storms, droughts, forest fires, glaciers, and the disappearance of rivers and desertification processes have had serious effects. All of these phenomena can trigger health problems, both physical and mental, either directly or indirectly.

The impacts of climate change can manifest in many ways, some of which are immediately apparent, while others only become apparent over time. The effects can also be short-term or long-term. Sudden extreme events often trigger psychological responses similar to traumatic stress, thereby influencing well-known patterns of mental disorders. On the other hand, repeated or prolonged exposure to extreme weather can also have delayed consequences, ranging from post-traumatic stress to psychological disorders that can affect future generations.

So far, climate change has often been described as an issue that increasingly shows that humans are not immune to its threats. Physical health, for example, can be affected by rising temperatures, the spread of waterborne and insect-borne diseases, and the risk of malnutrition. Not to mention the direct effects of natural disasters and the social impacts that arise from forced displacement and conflicts triggered by environmental conditions. Some groups are even more vulnerable due to high exposure levels, limited economic or political power, or specific physiological conditions, such as indigenous peoples, the elderly, children, and individuals with pre-existing health problems.

Climate change is not only an environmental issue; it also has a major impact on human psychology. Although psychologists have been researching this issue for quite some time, most of their attention has been focused on matters such as risk perception, communication strategies regarding climate change, public attitudes towards the issue, and efforts to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour as a form of mitigation. Meanwhile, the mental health aspects related to climate change have only begun to receive attention in recent years, even though their impact continues to show a significant increase.

Mental health and climate change are interconnected through many complex pathways. To clearly see the hidden costs of climate change on psychological conditions and emotional well-being, as well as to uncover the often overlooked benefits of climate action, interdisciplinary work and a more comprehensive understanding are needed. By recognising the common root causes of climate challenges and mental health issues, and then designing joint solutions that benefit both humans and the planet, policymakers, health system leaders, and mental health professionals can build stronger systems and communities to cope with global pressures in the Anthropocene era.

The climate crisis must also be understood as a mental health crisis. Climate change hinders various efforts to improve psychological well-being around the world. Its impact manifests through direct experiences of extreme temperatures and unpredictable weather, prolonged disruption to various determinants of mental health, and psychological pressure from living under an existential threat that is not being taken seriously by leaders. As a risk multiplier, this situation exacerbates existing vulnerabilities, especially for groups and countries that are already disadvantaged.

Various conditions create these inequalities, such as weak governance, social and economic disparities, a culture of natural resource exploitation, and air pollution and ecosystem damage due to the use of fossil fuels. Ironically, these factors not only worsen mental health, but are also the root causes of the same problems that continue to fuel the climate crisis.

Ultimately, climate change is no longer just an environmental issue; it is a crisis that permeates the psychological realm and human well-being. Amid growing global awareness of the importance of mental health, the climate emergency has become a major threat that could hinder this progress. Rising temperatures, extreme weather, uncertainty about the future, and the pressure of living under an existential threat that leaders have failed to resolve all create a real mental burden. The impact is felt most severely by groups that were already vulnerable to begin with. Interestingly, the root causes are interrelated: social injustice, poor governance, and an extractive culture that damages the environment—all factors that exacerbate the climate crisis also contribute to the deterioration of mental health. Ultimately, addressing the climate crisis means fighting for our collective mental health.

References:

Cianconi, P., Betrò, S., & Janiri, L. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074

Clayton, S. (2020). Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263

Lawrance, E. L., Thompson, R., Newberry Le Vay, J., Page, L., & Jennings, N. (2022). The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence, and its Implications. International Review of Psychiatry, 34(5), 443–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2022.2128725

McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., & Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: Present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3

Solanki, Dr. R. P. (2016). Effect of Climate Change on Mental Health. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.25215/0304.054

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Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J., Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Davies, M., Drummond, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K. L., Eckelman, M., … Montgomery, H. (2019). The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. The Lancet, 394(10211), 1836–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6

If we look closer, philosophy is actually a radical and comprehensive way of thinking. It is an approach that explores various things in depth, not just stopping at the surface. Interestingly, philosophy and science actually discuss the same object: everything we can know. The difference is that philosophy tries to understand the big picture, while science focuses on specific parts according to the objectives of each field.

In this article, we will discuss further the various schools of thought in the philosophy of science, so that we can see how these different perspectives have influenced the emergence of the various forms of knowledge we know today.

The school of materialism includes several figures, namely Anaximenes, Thales, Anaximander, Democritus, Lamettrie, Thomas Hobbes, Spencer, Feuerbach, and Karl Marx.

The materialist school of thought holds the view that everything in this world is matter or, in other words, reality consists only of nature and physical things. It is not surprising that this idea sparked a great debate, especially among religious circles. In the 19th century, materialism was considered controversial because it rejected the existence of God (atheistic), something that contradicted the beliefs of society at that time.

In another view by Marx and Engels, materialism developed into historical materialism. This emphasises that human life is determined by material conditions: human activities, the environment, and basic needs that must be met. Society is seen as the result of human interaction with nature, so that even social and cultural differences still have the same material foundation. This foundation is also referred to as the ‘basis of life values’. This also confirms that all cultures depend on human relations with nature.

The second school of thought is idealism, which places reason or the ‘mind’ as the most fundamental thing. For this school of thought, the mind must be completely real, while matter is only a result or derivative of mental activity. Reality is considered to be composed of ideas, thoughts, and the soul, not physical objects.

Idealism provides a view that knowledge is a subjective mental process, so what we know does not always accurately describe the nature of the outside world. The reality we understand is greatly influenced by how the mind works.

The third school of thought, existentialism, emerged in the 20th century in France and Germany as a reaction to the collapse of Enlightenment optimism, particularly after the First World War, which destroyed Europe’s economic, political, and intellectual stability. When large systems lost their legitimacy and were no longer able to provide direction, existentialist thinkers offered a return to humanity as the centre of meaning and the determiner of one’s own life.

This movement also arose from social anxiety over the fear of war, manipulative human behaviour, collapsing values, and the identity crisis that plagued society. Religion was considered to have failed to provide answers, while humans felt threatened by their own actions. It was in this chaotic and uncertain situation that existentialism found its footing as a philosophy that called for authenticity, freedom, and personal responsibility.

The next school of thought was pragmatism, a philosophy that judges truth based on its usefulness. In other words, pragmatism considers something to be true if it is proven to be useful and can be applied in real life. This school accepts anything as truth as long as it has a practical and beneficial impact. Both personal experience and mystical truths can be used as a basis for action if they are proven to be useful. This is the main measure in pragmatism, namely benefits for practical life.

Finally, there is the school of phenomenology, which studies anything that appears in human consciousness. This approach is used to understand various social phenomena in society. Initially, phenomenology developed as a school of thought in philosophy.

The meaning of phenomenology became clearer after Hegel formulated it. He defined phenomenology as ‘knowledge as it appears to consciousness’. Simply put, phenomenology can be understood as the science of studying how a person describes what they see, feel, and perceive directly through experience without intermediaries.

Essentially, phenomenology encourages each individual to interact directly with and learn from the phenomena that constitute their lived reality. In its development, phenomenology is now widely used as an important research method for exploring the unique experiences of each individual in society.

Overall, various schools of thought in the philosophy of science show that the way humans understand reality is highly dependent on the perspective used. The differences that exist in each school of thought can enrich the philosophy of science and shape the various ways in which humans construct, interpret, and develop knowledge to this day.

References:

Baiti, R. (2016). PEMIKIRAN MANUSIA DALAM ALIRAN – ALIRAN FILSAFAT. Wardah, 16(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.19109/wardah.v16i1.361

Dasrimin, H. (2021). Aliran-Aliran dalam Filsafat Ilmu. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/hb4vr

Junaidi, M. (2016). PRAGMATISME. Dar El-Ilmi : Jurnal Studi Keagamaan, Pendidikan Dan Humaniora, 3(1), 37–51.

Noonan, J. (2021). Historical materialism as mediation between the physical and the meaningful. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 47(9), 1043–1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453720919917

Salim, I. (2010). ALIRAN FILSAFAT EKSISTENSIALIS. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi Dan Humaniora, 1(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.26418/j-psh.v1i2.3893

Wita, G., & Mursal, I. F. (2022). Fenomenologi dalam Kajian Sosial Sebuah Studi Tentang Konstruksi Makna. Titian: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora, 6(2), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.22437/titian.v6i2.21211

Have you ever felt annoyed by the incessant roar of vehicles, loud music from neighbours, or the sound of machines at work? At first glance, noise may seem trivial. However, in the long term, these unwanted sounds can become a serious environmental stressor, not only for our physical health but also for our psychological well-being.

Noise is one of the most common forms of environmental pollution. According to reports from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Environment Agency (EEA), exposure to noise is now recognised as a major threat to public health. In the European Union, for example, around 20% of the urban population is affected by traffic noise, causing 18 million people to experience severe discomfort and more than 5 million to suffer from chronic sleep disorders. This fact shows that noise is not just a minor annoyance to the ears, but a global problem that affects the quality of life of millions of people.

Psychologically, noise often triggers various disorders such as difficulty concentrating, sleep disorders, decreased productivity, and increased stress and anxiety. Some people even experience communication disorders, emotional exhaustion, and disruption of worship activities and rest time. Meanwhile, from a physical perspective, continuous exposure to noise can cause hearing impairment, somatic complaints, and even permanent deafness, especially in work or industrial environments.

Interestingly, the impact of noise is not only determined by the loudness of the sound, but also by how individuals interpret and respond to it. Everyone has a different perception of noise. For some, the sound of machinery may be considered normal, but for others it can be a source of tremendous stress. Research shows that factors such as the type of noise source, volume level, predictability, and the feeling of being able to control the noise greatly affect a person’s stress levels.

In recent years, awareness of the impact of noise on mental health has increased rapidly. Modern research shows that loud noises, especially from traffic, not only interfere with the heart and blood pressure, but can also affect the brain. Exposure to noise has been shown to trigger disturbances in the central nervous system and increase the risk of depression, anxiety, and even aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents. Biologically, noise can cause nerve inflammation (neuroinflammation) and oxidative stress in brain tissue, two factors that play a role in reducing mental function.

Furthermore, chronic exposure to noise also disrupts the circadian rhythm, immune system, and stress hormone balance in the body. These disturbances interact with each other to create a vicious cycle of stress that is difficult to break. Individuals who are continuously exposed to noise become more easily fatigued, irritable, and have reduced coping capacity. In the long term, this condition can foster feelings of helplessness, such as ‘learned helplessness,’ where a person feels unable to control the situation that is pressuring them.

More worryingly, stress caused by noise can also encourage unhealthy behaviour. Several studies show that people who live in noisy environments are more prone to smoking, consuming alcohol, or leading a passive lifestyle. These behaviours are actually forms of maladaptive coping, ways in which the body relieves stress, but they actually worsen mental and physical health.

However, the good news is that psychology offers various ways to help us adapt to noise. One of them is through adaptive coping strategies. Through approaches such as cognitive reframing, individuals can learn to change the way they think about noise, viewing it not as an uncontrollable threat, but as a stimulus that can be regulated or ignored. In addition, exercises such as breathing relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness have been proven to reduce physiological stress responses and help calm the mind in noisy situations.

The physical and social environment also plays a major role. For example, the presence of a small garden at home can increase positive perceptions of the surrounding environment, reduce the need for excessive coping, and improve sleep quality. Similarly, harmonious family relationships have been shown to strengthen self-regulation and reduce stress. Social support from those closest to us can act as a ‘natural buffer’ against environmental noise that is difficult to avoid.

In addition, joint community-based efforts are also important. Environmental psychologists can play an active role by educating the public about the impact of noise and how to deal with it. Stress management training programmes, noise awareness campaigns, or the design of public spaces that are conducive to mental well-being are concrete steps that can be implemented.

Ultimately, noise is not just a technical problem to be solved with soundproofing or traffic control. It is also a psychological challenge that needs to be managed from within ourselves through awareness, emotional regulation, and healthy social support. By combining environmental, social, and psychological approaches, we can create a new balance: a quieter life, even though the world around us is not always silent.

References:

Fyhri, A., & Klaboe, R. (2009). Road traffic noise, sensitivity, annoyance and self-reported health—A structural equation model exercise. Environment International, 35(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.08.006

Generaal, E., Timmermans, E. J., Dekkers, J. E. C., Smit, J. H., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2019). Not urbanization level but socioeconomic, physical and social neighbourhood characteristics are associated with presence and severity of depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychological Medicine, 49(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000612

Hahad, O., Kuntic, M., Al-Kindi, S., Kuntic, I., Gilan, D., Petrowski, K., Daiber, A., & Münzel, T. (2025). Noise and mental health: Evidence, mechanisms, and consequences. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 35(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00642-5

Hahad, O., Prochaska, J. H., Daiber, A., & Münzel, T. (2019). Environmental Noise-Induced Effects on Stress Hormones, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Dysfunction: Key Factors in the Relationship between Cerebrocardiovascular and Psychological Disorders. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4623109

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Thinking is one of the highest human faculties that distinguishes humans from other living beings. Through thinking, humans not only react to stimuli but also interpret, analyze, and create meaning from their life experiences. In philosophy, thinking is regarded as a reflective activity that enables humans to understand reality, the self, and the values of life.

Philosophy places thinking at the heart of the search for truth. Since ancient Greece, philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emphasized the importance of critical thinking as the path to wisdom. Through thinking, humans can question assumptions, explore the reasons behind beliefs, and distinguish between opinion and knowledge.

Thinking in the philosophical sense is not merely a cognitive process but also an existential activity. Philosophy teaches that thinking is part of the effort to understand the meaning of human existence in the world. Thus, thinking serves as a bridge between empirical experience and inner reflection.

The way of thinking in philosophy varies depending on the school or tradition followed. Rationalism, for instance, relies on reason as the primary source of knowledge. Empiricism, on the other hand, emphasizes sensory experience as the foundation of thought. These two approaches often complement each other in forming a more complete worldview.

Beyond rational and empirical thinking, there is also critical thinking, which requires individuals not to accept information at face value. Critical thinking involves analyzing arguments, identifying biases, and evaluating evidence. In today’s information age, it has become an essential skill to differentiate between facts and opinions.

Philosophy also values reflective thinking—the ability to re-examine one’s own thoughts and actions. Reflection allows a person to understand the motives behind decisions and their impact on oneself and others. Through reflection, thinking becomes not just a logical tool but also a means for moral and ethical development.

Patterns of thinking in philosophy can be categorized as deductive and inductive. Deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific conclusions, while inductive reasoning proceeds from particular observations to generalizations. Both complement each other in constructing strong arguments.

Besides these two main patterns, modern philosophy also introduces dialectical thinking, as developed by Hegel. In dialectics, every thesis gives rise to an antithesis, and from their tension emerges a synthesis. This pattern illustrates the dynamic nature of thought that evolves toward deeper understanding.

Thinking in philosophy is not only individual but also social. Philosophical thought often emerges through dialogue and debate. As in the Socratic method, conversation becomes a medium for uncovering truth through the exchange of ideas. Thus, thinking becomes a collective activity that enriches human perspectives.

Thinking is also closely tied to language. Without language, thought cannot be clearly articulated. Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein even stated that the limits of language are the limits of one’s world. This means that one’s way of thinking is shaped by their linguistic ability to comprehend and express reality.

In the modern era, thinking is often reduced to a quick and superficial activity. However, philosophy emphasizes the importance of deep or slow thinking, which allows space for contemplation and understanding. Through deep thinking, humans can rediscover the true meaning of knowledge and life.

A sound philosophical way of thinking requires a balance between logic and intuition. Logic helps structure arguments coherently, while intuition enables insights that transcend pure rationality. These two aspects interact to produce genuine wisdom.

Philosophy also warns against dogmatic thinking—when one refuses to re-examine their beliefs. Dogmatism restricts intellectual growth and prevents learning from different perspectives. Hence, philosophy encourages open-mindedness and a continuous willingness to question.

Ultimately, thinking in philosophy is an endless journey. There is no absolute truth that can be held forever, for reality itself is ever-changing. Yet therein lies the beauty of thinking: it cultivates the awareness that the pursuit of truth is an infinite process.

Through thinking, humans discover themselves as conscious, rational, and reflective beings. Philosophy teaches that thinking is not merely a tool to understand the world but also to understand oneself. Thus, thinking becomes the essence of humanity and the path to true wisdom.

Perception is a psychological process that involves sensing and interpreting environmental stimuli into meanings understandable by the individual. Cognition is the thinking process that includes searching, receiving, meaning-making, storing, and utilizing information obtained from the environment. These two processes are interconnected in shaping the individual’s response to environmental stimuli.

Environmental stimuli can include physical objects, sounds, smells, or changes in the environment that trigger cognitive and perceptual activities. Perception allows individuals to recognize and interpret these stimuli based on their experiences and memories, thus forming a subjective image of their surroundings.

The environment directly influences how stimuli are received and processed by cognition and perception. For example, spatial arrangement and physical conditions can affect the level of attention and interpretation of stimuli, which then influence the actions taken by individuals.

Cognition plays a role in organizing and categorizing information received through perception, creating a comprehensive understanding. Cognitive mapping is an important concept that describes how individuals build mental representations of their surroundings and how it influences their behavior.

Perception is selective; not all environmental stimuli are received equally by everyone. This selection process is influenced by attention, needs, experiences, and the situational context surrounding the individual when receiving stimuli.

The relationship between perception and cognition can be explained through the interaction of these two processes in understanding the external world. Perception provides initial data that are then processed cognitively to produce adaptive responses to environmental stimuli.

Perceptual changes can occur along with cognitive changes influenced by new experiences or learning. Thus, the evolving cognitive process supports perceptual adaptation to dynamic environmental stimuli.

Human behavior related to the environment is greatly influenced by how one maps and interprets stimuli from that environment. Cognitive knowledge and environmental insight also determine individuals’ attitudes and actions toward environmental preservation.

The quality of environmental stimulation also greatly determines the effectiveness of perception and cognition. Clear, structured, and relevant stimuli are easier to receive and process cognitively, resulting in accurate perception and appropriate responses.

Environmental stimuli can also stimulate intense attention processes, directing mental focus selectively to optimally process certain information. This attention process is crucial in directing perception and cognition toward stimuli considered important.

Individual awareness of the external world, related closely to perception and attention, influences how environmental stimuli are consciously processed, resulting in responses adapted to conditions and needs.

In an educational context, understanding the relationship between perception and cognition toward environmental stimuli can be applied in designing a conducive learning environment to maximize the reception and processing of information by learners.

Recent research shows a strong correlation between cognitive maps, environmental perception, and environmentally conscious behavior. This highlights the importance of these psychological processes in supporting environmental awareness and actions.

Moreover, studies emphasize the role of experience and memory as internal factors enriching perception and cognition processes toward the environment, thereby continuously shaping thinking patterns and attitudes over time.

Understanding the mechanisms of perception and cognition in response to environmental stimuli contributes to developing strategies to enhance environmental awareness and adaptive behavior in facing increasingly complex global environmental challenges.

Therefore, in-depth understanding of the relationship between perception, cognition, and environmental stimuli should be a primary focus across multiple fields, from education and psychology to sustainable environmental policy development.

References:

Darlius & J.P. Sitanggang. (2015). Hubungan Antara Kemampuan Kognitif Tentang Etika Lingkungan, Persepsi Tentang Lingkungan Dan Tanggung Jawab Dalam Pelestarian Lingkungan Dengan Perilaku Berwawasan Lingkungan. Jurnal Satya Mandiri Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 1(1), 15–29. Https://Doi.Org/10.54964/Satyamandiri.V1i1.279

Yulistiana, Y., Kadar, I., & Istiadi, Y. (2017). Hubungan Antara Peta Kognitif Dan Persepsi Lingkungan Dengan Perilaku Siswa Yang Berwawasan Lingkungan (Survey Pada Siswa Kelas Xi Sma Negeri Se-Jakarta Timur). Plh | Jurnal Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup, 5(2). Https://Journal.Unpak.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Plh/Article/View/1025

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Philosophy is a discipline that arose from human curiosity about the nature of existence, knowledge, and the values of life. The word philosophy comes from the Greek word philosophia, which means ‘love of wisdom.’ In this sense, philosophy encompasses not only theoretical knowledge, but also a deep search for meaning in life and the universe. Since the dawn of civilisation, humans have sought to understand the world through reflection and logical reasoning, which later became the basis for the emergence of philosophy as a science.

The roots of philosophy can be traced back to ancient civilisations such as Egypt, Babylon, and India, where humans began to question the origins of nature, the meaning of life, and the relationship between humans and higher powers. Although their ideas were still mythological and religious in nature, these thoughts became the initial foundation for the birth of rational thinking, which later developed in Greece. In India, for example, philosophical systems such as Vedanta and Buddhism discussed the concepts of consciousness and existence long before Western philosophy developed.

Greek philosophy is considered the starting point of philosophy in the scientific sense. The first known philosopher was Thales of Miletus (624–546 BC), who sought to explain the universe through rational principles rather than myths. He stated that everything originated from water. Thales’ view marked an important shift from mythological thinking to scientific thinking based on logic and observation.

After Thales, other natural philosophers emerged, such as Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus, each of whom had different views on the basic substance of nature. They are known as the pre-Socratic philosophers because they lived before Socrates. These thinkers sought to explain reality rationally by discarding supernatural explanations, thus becoming the cornerstone of the birth of scientific rationality.

The next important figure was Socrates (470–399 BC), who introduced an ethical approach and dialectical method to philosophy. Socrates focused on the nature of human goodness and wisdom. He taught that true knowledge comes from self-awareness and critical reflection through deep questioning, known as the maieutic method or ‘midwifery of knowledge.’

Socrates’ student, Plato (427–347 BC), developed a philosophical system that included the theory of ideas or forms. He argued that the sensory world was merely a shadow of the eternal and perfect world of ideas. Through his work The Republic, Plato highlighted the importance of justice, truth, and ideal structures for society. Plato’s thinking became the basis for many Western philosophical and theological traditions.

Aristotle (384–322 BC), a student of Plato, provided a new direction by emphasising the importance of empirical observation. He rejected Plato’s concept of the world of ideas and argued that reality can only be understood through observation of the real world. Aristotle developed formal logic, metaphysics, ethics, and politics, which became the foundation of science until modern times. Aristotle’s system of thought then dominated the intellectual world for centuries.

After the Greek period, philosophy developed in Rome and was later continued by early Christian thinkers, such as Augustine (354–430 AD) and Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274 AD). Augustine combined Plato’s philosophy with Christian teachings, while Aquinas combined Aristotle’s logic with Catholic theology. This period is known as scholastic philosophy, which focused on the relationship between faith and reason.

During the Renaissance (14th–16th centuries), philosophy experienced a revival after a long period of domination by the church. Thinkers such as Francis Bacon emphasised the importance of empirical methods in acquiring knowledge. This period marked a shift from religious authority to rationality and science. Philosophy began to be directed towards understanding the world based on observation and experimentation, rather than solely on dogmatic beliefs.

The 17th and 18th centuries are known as the modern era of philosophy, marked by the emergence of René Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. Descartes, with his motto Cogito, ergo sum (‘I think, therefore I am’), laid the foundation for rationalism, while Locke and Hume developed empiricism. Kant then attempted to combine the two schools of thought by stating that knowledge is the result of the interaction between experience and the rational structure of the human mind.

The 19th century brought philosophy in a more social and existential direction. Thinkers such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Søren Kierkegaard challenged classical views on morality, religion, and society. Marx emphasised the economic and social dimensions of human life, while Nietzsche criticised traditional moral values and called for the formation of new values through the concept of the ‘superman.’ Kierkegaard, on the other hand, is considered the pioneer of existentialism because he emphasised individual freedom and responsibility.

In the 20th century, various new philosophical schools emerged, such as existentialism, phenomenology, logical positivism, and postmodernism. Existentialism, pioneered by Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger, focused on human experience, freedom, and the search for meaning in life. Meanwhile, logical positivism emphasised the importance of scientific verification as the basis of truth, while postmodernism criticised the idea of absolute truth and emphasised relativism in knowledge.

The development of philosophy in the Eastern world also made a significant contribution. In Asia, philosophical systems such as Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, and Buddhism emphasised balance, ethics, and inner enlightenment. Although different from Western philosophy, which is more analytical, Eastern philosophy emphasises harmony between humans and nature as well as deep spiritual values in everyday life.
In the Indonesian context, philosophy developed as a result of a combination of local traditions, religion, and Western influences. The thinking of figures such as Soekarno and Notonagoro shows efforts to build a national philosophy rooted in the values of Pancasila. Philosophy in Indonesia is not only theoretical but also practical in addressing the nation’s social, cultural, and humanitarian issues.

Overall, the history of the development of philosophy shows the evolution of how humans think about the world and themselves. From mythological explanations to rational thinking, from metaphysics to science, and from the search for universal truth to the recognition of diversity of perspectives, philosophy continues to evolve with the times. Philosophy is not merely the science of thinking, but a deep reflection on how humans understand reality, morality, and the meaning of existence in life.

Environmental psychology studies the interaction between humans and their physical/social environment — from feelings of comfort in city parks to how spatial design influences environmentally friendly behaviour. Due to its broad scope, the research methods used are also diverse: quantitative surveys, field experiments, behavioural observation, qualitative studies, and mixed-methods designs that combine several approaches.

Environmental psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between humans and their environment. This science views human behaviour as inseparable from the environmental conditions in which they live. Therefore, environmental psychology plays an important role in building harmony between nature and humans in order to create a mutually beneficial balance.

The environment is not just a physical place, but also affects human psychological conditions. For example, a comfortable and orderly atmosphere can increase feelings of security and happiness, while a dirty or noisy environment can cause stress and discomfort. Environmental psychology seeks to understand these impacts in order to create an environment that is conducive to human mental and physical health.

Environmental psychology plays a very strategic role in this modern era, when environmental changes are taking place rapidly due to urbanisation, industrialisation, and technological developments. These conditions trigger various problems such as pollution, urban stress, and social alienation. Environmental psychology serves as a bridge that connects humans with more humane and sustainable aspects of the environment.

Environmental psychology also examines how human perceptions and attitudes towards the environment influence their behaviour. Attitudes such as environmental awareness and social responsibility are the main focus for humans to protect and preserve nature. Through this approach, environmental psychology helps shape mindsets that support environmental sustainability.

One of the main roles of environmental psychology is in designing public spaces and residences that are friendly to their occupants. By understanding human psychological needs, such as the need for privacy, security, and social interaction, environmental design can be optimised to improve quality of life. This is a concrete example of how this science plays a direct role in building harmony between nature and humans.

In addition, environmental psychology is also involved in environmental advocacy and education efforts. Through various campaign programmes, workshops, and education, the community is encouraged to be more caring and active in preserving nature. The psychological approach is very effective in changing behaviour and fostering collective awareness of environmental issues.

The concept of psychological comfort in environmental psychology also plays a role in reducing social conflicts that arise due to environmental changes. When individuals feel that their environment is safe and comfortable, the potential for conflict can be minimised. Thus, environmental psychology contributes to creating a harmonious and peaceful society.

Furthermore, environmental psychology pays attention to cultural differences in human interactions with the environment. Cultural factors greatly influence the way humans view and treat nature. Therefore, an environmental psychology approach must be sensitive to cultural contexts so that the solutions provided are relevant and effective.

The influence of environmental psychology is also evident in the sustainable management of natural resources. By understanding human motivations and obstacles in protecting the environment, policymakers can design programmes that are more targeted and accepted by the community.

The position of environmental psychology is increasingly important in the context of global climate change. The impact of climate change is not only physical, but also psychological, such as anxiety and uncertainty about the future. Environmental psychology helps communities understand this situation and develop adaptive coping strategies.

Interdisciplinarity is a key characteristic of environmental psychology. It combines psychology, ecology, sociology, and architecture to create a comprehensive approach to addressing environmental issues. This confirms the position of environmental psychology as a vital science in sustainable development.

In the education sector, environmental psychology teaches the younger generation about the importance of the relationship between humans and nature. This education broadens their horizons and instils environmental conservation values from an early age, creating a cadre of caring and responsible individuals.

Environmental psychology also assists in the psychological recovery of natural disaster victims. By studying the effects of trauma and environmental stress, psychological interventions can be designed to support the healing process and re-adaptation to a new or changed environment.

The role of environmental psychology in the workplace is no less important. An office environment that pays attention to psychological aspects can increase employee productivity, creativity, and well-being, thereby increasing their contribution to the organisation and society.

Overall, environmental psychology plays a vital role in building harmony between humans and nature. This science not only understands this relationship theoretically but also provides practical solutions that can create a healthy, comfortable, and sustainable environment for current and future generations.

With the increasing environmental challenges facing the world, the role of environmental psychology as a bridge between humans and nature will continue to evolve and become the key to success in creating a harmonious and sustainable life.